Insight into the dynamics of EMHD hybrid nanofluid (ZnO/CuO-SA) flow through a pipe for geothermal energy applications

In the past couple of years, hybrid nanofluids have garnered substantial attention due to their augmented flow and thermal properties. When such fluids propagate through a pipe, they reveal characteristics that make them applicable in a variety of different fields for geothermal energy extraction. Hence, this article presents a discussion on the behavior of hybrid nanofluid flow using a model based on third-grade sodium alginate. Sodium alginate has the potential to be used in the extraction of geothermal energy. To investigate the current flow, two kinds of nanoparticles are proposed: zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO). Additionally, the effects of electric and magnetic fields are taken into consideration in the current flow. The fully evolved, incompressible fluid is moving through a pipe. The energy equation takes into consideration a variety of factors, including viscous dissipation and joule heating. The homotopy perturbation approach is used for obtaining the series solutions of nonlinear differential equations (DEs). The resultant differential equations have been solved up to third-order solutions. It is worth concluding that the electric field and the thermal Grashof number significantly impact the velocity profile, resulting in a solid symmetrical pattern. The nanoparticles increased the fluid's viscosity, perhaps slowing it down. The integration of nanoparticles decreases the amount of the thermal profile over the whole pipe. Still, when copper oxide nanoparticles are absent, the thermal profile is at its most considerable magnitude. The pressure decreases equally impact the velocity and thermal properties.