Rotating Shallow Water Equations with Bottom Drag: Bifurcations and Growth Due to Kinetic Energy Backscatter

The rotating shallow water equations with f-plane approximation and nonlinear bottom drag are a prototypical model for midlatitude geophysical flow that experience energy loss through simple topography. Motivated by numerical schemes for large-scale geophysical flow, we consider this model on the whole space with horizontal kinetic energy backscatter source terms built from negative viscosity and stabilizing hyperviscosity with constant parameters. We study its interplay with linear and nonsmooth quadratic bottom drag through the existence of coherent flows. Our results highlight that backscatter can have undesired amplification and selection effects, generating obstacles to energy distribution. We find that decreasing linear bottom drag destabilizes the trivial flow and generates nonlinear flows that can be associated with geostrophic equilibria (GE) and inertia-gravity waves (IGWs). The IGWs are periodic travelling waves, while the GE are stationary and can be studied by a plane wave reduction. We show that for isotropic backscatter both bifurcate simultaneously and supercritically, while for anisotropic backscatter the primary bifurcations are GE. In all cases, the presence of nonsmooth quadratic bottom drag implies unusual scaling laws. For the rigorous bifurcation analysis, by Lyapunov--Schmidt reduction, care has to be taken due to this lack of smoothness and since the hyperviscous terms yield a lack of spectral gap at large wave numbers. For purely smooth bottom drag, we identify a class of explicit such flows that behave linearly within the nonlinear equations: amplitudes can be steady and arbitrary, or grow exponentially and unboundedly. We illustrate the results by numerical computations and present extended branches in parameter space.