Toward a Hydrogen-Free Reductive Catalytic Fractionation of Wheat Straw Biomass

The reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive method for the conversion of lignin toward valuable low-molecular weight aromatics. A limitation to the upscaling of such technology is represented by the use ofpressurized hydrogen gas. Here, the role of hydrogen gas within the RCF of wheat straw biomass is investigated. The use of H-2 is shown to enhance lignin depolymerization, by virtue of an improved hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation of lignin fragments, with a yield of phenolic monomers that increased from ca. 12 wt % of acid-insoluble lignin in the initial biomass under inert atmosphere to up to ca. 25 wt % under H-2 (in methanol, at 250 degrees C, with Ru/C). The adoption of methanol, ethanol or isopropanol as hydrogen-donor solvents was also investigated in the absence of H-2. Ethanol was found to give the highest yield of monophenolic compounds (up to approximate to 20 wt %) owing to a better balance between solvolysis, hydrogenolysis, and hydrogenation of lignin. Nevertheless, a substantial loss of the carbohydrate fraction was observed. The use of a lower temperature (200 degrees C) in combination with H3PO4 resulted in an improved recovery of cellulose in the pulp and in the solubilization of hemicellulose and lignin, with the formation of monosaccharides (approximate to 14 wt % of polysaccharides in the initial biomass) and phenolic monomers (up to 18 wt %, in the absence of H-2). Overall, a tradeoff exists between the removal of H-2 from the process and the production of low-molecular weight phenolics during RCF.