Record-Breaking heavy rainfall around Henan Province in 2021 and future projection of extreme conditions under climate change

A record-breaking extreme precipitation event that occurred in July 2021 over Henan Province is investigated through observations and reanalysis data. Meanwhile, future extreme precipitation conditions are projected through an ensemble projection model using climate model outputs as input. The long duration, the wide range of influence, the extensive amount of accumulated precipitation, and the high intensity of precipitation are the four major characteristics of this event. Further, the physical causes of this event are explored. First of all, the abnormal northward movement of the western North Pacific Subtropical High is quite significant. Secondly, two slow-moving typhoons are found, which intensify inland moisture transport. Thirdly, after encountering the windward slope, the water vapor is violently lifted and continuously accumulated. Future projections of multiple extreme indices show that more extreme precipitation conditions are expected across the entire Henan Province. In addition, the contribution of various sources to the uncertainty of the ensemble projection are quantified. The global climate model is the primary contributing factor. Meanwhile, the effects explained by the interactive effects between global climate models and shared social-economic pathways cannot be neglected. Our study has constructed an analysis framework called the "Four-in-One" (spatial-temporal feature analysis, causal analysis, future projection, and uncertainty quantification). It provides further insight into changes in local extreme precipitation conditions. The overall framework of this study is equally applicable to investigating other types of extreme events.