A signature based on neutrophil extracellular trap-related genes for the assessment of prognosis, immunoinfiltration, mutation and therapeutic response in hepatocellular carcinoma

BackgroundLiver cancer is a highly lethal and aggressive form of cancer that poses a significant threat to patient survival. Within this category, liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) represents the most common subtype of liver cancer. Despite decades of research and treatment, the overall survival rate for LIHC has not significantly improved. Improved models are necessary to differentiate high-risk cases and predict possible treatment options for LIHC patients. Recent studies have identified a set of genes associated with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that may contribute to tumor growth and metastasis; however, their prognostic value in LIHC has yet to be established. This study aims to construct a prognostic signature based on a set of NET-related genes (NRGs) for patients diagnosed with LIHC.MethodsThe transcriptomic data and clinical information concerning LIHC patients were procured from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium LIHC (ICLIHC) databases, respectively. To determine the NRG subtypes, the k-means algorithm was employed, along with consensus clustering. The aforementioned analysis aided the construction of a prognostic signature utilizing the last absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox analysis. To validate the prognostic model, an external dataset, receiver operating characteristic curve, and principal component analysis were utilized. Moreover, the immune microenvironment and the proportion of immune cells between high- and low-risk cases were scrutinized by ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms. Finally, gene set enrichment analysis was executed to investigate the potential mechanism of NRGs in the pathogenesis and prognosis of LIHC.ResultsTwo molecular subtypes of LIHC were identified based on the expression patterns of differentially expressed NRGs (DE-NRGs). The two subtypes demonstrated significant differences in survival rates and immune cell expression levels. The study results demonstrated the role of NRGs in antigen presentation, which led to the promotion of tumor immune escape. A risk model was developed and validated with strong overall survival prediction ability. The model, comprising 34 NRGs, showed a strong ability to predict prognosis.ConclusionWe built a dependable prognostic signature based on NRGs for LIHC. We identified that NRGs could have a significant interaction in LIHC's immune microenvironment and therapeutic response. This finding offers insight into the molecular mechanisms and targeted therapy for LIHC. The RNA-seq data of both normal and LIHC samples were obtained from the TCGA database. NRGs were identified based on prior investigations, and differentially expressed NRGs (DE-NRGs) were identified by comparing two groups of samples. Subsequently, a consensus clustering analysis was conducted to determine two subtypes of LIHC with distinct NRG expression. Prognostic NRGs were identified by univariate Cox analysis, and a risk model was constructed. External validation of the prognostic prediction of the model was performed using the ICLIHC cohort.image