Para-Substituted Thiosemicarbazones as Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Synthesis, In Vitro Biological Evaluation, and In Silico Study

The current research reports the synthesis of 14 para-substituted thiosemicarbazone derivatives in good to excellent yields using standard procedures. Initially, 4-ethoxybenzaldehyde (1) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (2) were refluxed with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of acetic acid in ethanol for 4-5 h. Then, various substituted phenacyl bromides were treated with the desired thiosemicarbazones (3 and 4) in the presence of triethylamine in ethanol with constant stirring for 5-6 h. The resulting derivatives were confirmed through electron impact mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy and evaluated for anticholinesterase inhibitory activity. Among the series, four compounds, 19, 17, 7, and 6, showed potent inhibitory activity against the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, having IC50 values of 110.19 +/- 2.32, 114.57 +/- 0.15, 140.52 +/- 0.11, and 160.04 +/- 0.02 mu M, respectively, compared with standard galantamine (IC50 = 104.5 +/- 1.20 mu M). Similarly, compounds 19 (IC50 = 145.11 +/- 1.03 mu M), 9 (IC50 = 147.20 +/- 0.09 mu M), 17 (IC50 = 150.36 +/- 0.18 mu M), and 6 (IC50 = 190.21 +/- 0.13 mu M) were the most excellent inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) when compared with the standard drug galantamine (IC50 = 156.8 +/- 1.50 mu M). In silico studies were accomplished on the produced derivatives in order to explain the binding interface of compounds with the active sites of AChE and BChE enzymes.