This review presents fundamental knowledge and recentadvancespertaining to research on the role of rheology in polymer processing,highlights the knowledge gap between the function of rheology in variousprocessing operations and the importance of rheology in the development,characterization, and assessment of the morphologies of polymericmaterials, and offers ideas for enhancing the processabilities ofpolymeric materials in advanced processing operations. Rheology playsa crucial role in the morphological evolution of polymer blends andcomposites, influencing the type of morphology in the case of blendsand the quality of dispersion in the cases of both blends and composites.The rheological characteristics of multiphase polymeric materialsprovide valuable information on the morphologies of these materials,thereby rendering rheology an important tool for morphological assessment.Although rheology extensively affects the processabilities of polymericmaterials in all processing operations, this review focuses on theroles of rheology in film blowing, electrospinning, centrifugal jetspinning, and the three-dimensional printing of polymeric materials,which are advanced processing operations that have gained significantresearch interest. This review offers a comprehensive overview ofthe fundamentals of morphology development and the aforementionedprocessing techniques; moreover, it covers all vital aspects relatedto the tailoring of the rheological characteristics of polymeric materialsfor achieving superior morphologies and high processabilities of thesematerials in advanced processing operations. Thus, this article providesa direction for future advancements in polymer processing. Furthermore,the superiority of elongational flow over shear flow in enhancingthe quality of dispersion in multiphase polymeric materials and therole of extensional rheology in the advanced processing operationsof these materials, which have rarely been discussed in previous reviews,have been critically analyzed in this review. In summary, this articleoffers new insights into the use of rheology in material and productdevelopment during advanced polymer-processing operations.