Metabolomic responses to high-intensity interval exercise in equine skeletal muscle: effects of rest interval duration

High -intensity interval training has attracted considerable attention as a time -efficient strategy for inducing physiological adaptations, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. By using metabolomics techniques, we investigated changes in the metabolic network responses in Thoroughbred horses to high -intensity interval exercise performed with two distinct (15 min or 2 min) rest intervals. The peak plasma lactate level was higher during high -intensity exercise with a 2 min rest duration than that with a 15 min rest duration (24.5 +/- 6.8 versus 13.3 +/- 2.7 mmol l-1). The arterial oxygen saturation was lower at the end of all exercise sessions with a 2 min rest duration than that with a 15 min rest duration. Metabolomic analysis of skeletal muscle revealed marked changes in metabolite concentrations in the first and third bouts of the 15 min rest interval conditions. In contrast, there were no metabolite concentrations or pathways that significantly changed during the third bout of exercise performed with a 2 min rest interval. Our findings suggest that the activity of each energy production system is not necessarily reflected by apparent changes in metabolite concentrations, potentially due in part to a better match between metabolite flux into and out of the pathway and cycle, as well as between metabolite production and disposal. This study provides evidence that changes in metabolite concentrations vary greatly depending on the number of repetitions and the length of rest periods between exercises, even if the exercises themselves are identical.