Koopman model predictive control based load modulation for primary frequency regulation

Conventional power systems function under the assumption that loads are uncontrollable, and that the generation control is the primary means of preserving system voltage, frequency, and stability. Thanks to recent advancements of power electronics technology and communication schemes, demand-side resources are now capable of providing fast frequency regulation. Controllable loads can provide upward/downward reserve during frequency excursions. In this paper, the authors consider collective contribution of large clusters of controllable loads which modulate their aggregate demand power to regulate the primary frequency. Koopman model predictive control is designed to handle local frequency variations caused by various disturbances at each load bus, considering uncertain load models. The efficacy of the proposed method has been validated using the New-England power system considering two scenarios, namely, load variation, and generation outage. The authors consider a collective contribution of large clusters of controllable loads which modulate their aggregate demand power to regulate the primary frequency. Koopman model predictive control is designed to handle local frequency variations caused by various disturbances at each load bus, considering uncertain load models.image