Emerging pathways in environmentally friendly synthesis of carbon-based quantum dots for exploring antibacterial resistance

This review paper explores the burgeoning field of green synthesis of carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs) and their profound implications in addressing antibacterial resistance. Quantum dots (QDs), including CQDs, are nano-sized fluorescent particles with diverse applications in areas like medical technology, sensing, and imaging. CQDs, which are carbon-based and exhibit remarkable biocompatibility, low toxicity, and tunable emission properties, have recently garnered substantial attention. This paper delves into the "green synthesis" of CQDs, emphasizing eco-friendly, sustainable methods using plant extracts and microbial agents. The exploration of CQDs' antibacterial properties is a central focus, revealing their remarkable antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These findings suggest a wide spectrum of antibacterial potential, offering innovative approaches to combating infections and enhancing public health. Mechanisms underlying CQDs' antibacterial efficacy, including the generation of reactive oxygen species, direct interaction with bacterial membranes, and disruption of biofilms, are discussed. To optimize their application, further research is required. Moreover, the review comprehensively categorizes quantum dots into semiconductor, metallic, and carbon-based types, and elucidates the properties and structure of CQDs. The classification of CQDs into distinct groups based on structural features is examined, shedding light on this multifaceted class of nanomaterials. The synthesis and characterization of CQDs are also detailed, highlighting the importance of precision in tailoring their properties for various applications. This review paper provides a comprehensive understanding of CQDs and their potential for combatting antibacterial resistance, offering valuable insights into this cutting-edge field.