A review on experimentally observed mechanical and microstructural characteristics of interfaces in multi-material laser powder bed fusion

被引:5
作者
Wu, Ziheng [1 ]
Wilson-Heid, Alexander E. [1 ]
Griffiths, R. Joey [1 ]
Elton, Eric S. [1 ]
机构
[1] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
来源
FRONTIERS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-SWITZERLAND | 2023年 / 9卷
关键词
multi-material additive manufacturing; functionally graded material; laser powder bed fusion; mechanical testing; interfacial characterization; FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS; STAINLESS-STEEL; METALLIC MATERIALS; TITANIUM-ALLOYS; SLM PARTS; 316L; TI-6AL-4V; MESOSCALE; ALUMINUM;
D O I
10.3389/fmech.2023.1087021
中图分类号
TH [机械、仪表工业];
学科分类号
0802 ;
摘要
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a revolutionary technology. One of the key AM categories, metal powder-based fusion processes, has many advantages compared to conventional methods for fabricating structural materials, such as permitting increased geometric complexity. While single material metal powder AM has advanced significantly in the past decade, multi-material AM is gradually attracting more attention owing to the recent breakthrough in multi-material feedstock delivery and the growing interest of fabricating functionally graded components. Multi-material AM offers an alternative route for applications that require location dependent material properties and high geometrical complexity. The AM community has invented several ways to achieve compositional gradients and discrete boundaries in two and three dimensions using mechanical spreading, nozzle-based, electrophotographic, and hybrid techniques. This article reviews the current state of laser powder bed fusion based multi-material AM of metals with focuses on the characteristics of the material interface as well as the properties and performance of the AM built functionally graded materials. We show the common challenges and issues related to material transitions, such as defects, segregation, phase separation, and the efficacy of some potential solutions including material and process optimizations. Additionally, this study evaluates the applicability and limitations of the existing testing standards and methods for measuring mechanical performance of functionally graded materials. Finally, we discuss mechanical testing development opportunities, which can help multi-material AM move towards higher technological maturity. In general, we find that the link between gradient microstructure and mechanical properties is not well understood or studied and suggest several mechanical tests that may better inform this knowledge gap.
引用
收藏
页数:20
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