The Medium and the Messenger in Seneca's Phaedra, Thyestes, and Trojan Women

The language of Seneca's messenger speeches concentrates preceding patterns of imagery into grotesquely violent action. In three tragedies - Phaedra, Thyestes, and Trojan Women - the report of an anonymous messenger dominates an entire act. All three scenes describe gruesome deaths: the impalement of Hippolytus on a tree trunk in Phaedra, Atreus' butchering of his nephews in Thyestes, and the slaughter of Astyanax and Polyxena in Trojan Women. In portraying violence, these messenger speeches repurpose language established in earlier scenes to realize and deform a dominant theme of each play: distorted sexuality, appetite, and moral dissolution.