Buddlejasaponin IVb ameliorates ferroptosis of dopaminergic neuron by suppressing IRP2-mediated iron overload in Parkinson's disease

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second neurodegenerative disease that lacks effective treatments. Buddlejasaponin IVb (BJP-IVb) is the main bioactive component of herbs in genus Clino-podium which display antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. However, the role of BJP-IVb in PD still remains unknown.Aim of the study: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BJP-IVb on dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD and clarified the underlying mechanisms from the aspect of iron overload-mediated ferroptosis.Materials and methods: One-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyri-dine (MPTP)-induced PD models were established in this study. Behavioral tests, cell cytotoxicity assay, tyro-sine hydroxylase (TH) and Nissl staining were performed to evaluate the antiparkinsonian effect of BJP-IVb. Cellular ultrastructure, iron content and lipid peroxidation were detected to evaluate iron overload-mediated dopaminergic neuron ferroptosis. Iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2) and iron transport-related proteins were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot to evaluated iron transport. Finally, plasmid vector-mediated IRP2 overexpression were performed to further clarify the molecular mechanism.Results: BJP-IVb alleviated MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and improved MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuron loss and motor dysfunctions of PD mice, confirming an effect of BJP-IVb against dopaminergic neuro-degeneration of PD. Further results revealed that BJP-IVb protected against PD by suppressing iron overload-mediated dopaminergic neuron ferroptosis, as evidenced by the attenuated lipid peroxidation, decreased iron content and changes in cellular ultrastructure. Finally, the decreased iron regulatory protein (IRP2) was confirmed to be responsible for BJP-IVb-mediated ferroptosis suppression by modulating iron transport-related proteins and alleviating iron overload.Conclusion: BJP-IVb suppressed iron overload-mediated dopaminergic neuron ferroptosis and improved motor dysfunctions in PD, which was achieved by inhibiting IRP2-mediated iron overload. This study provided a po-tential drug candidate for the treatment of PD.