Landslide susceptibility mapping for the Red Sea Mountains: A multi-criteria decision analysis approach

The Earth's climate system is clearly warming. Unquestionably, climate change has an impact on landslides by affecting the stability of both naturally occurring and artificially constructed slopes. Less certain are the type, extent, degree, and direction of the changes in stability conditions as well as the location, abundance, activity, and frequency of landslides in response to the expected climate changes. Climate change threatens global eco-systems, causing severe human and economic losses through sea level rise, hurricanes, flooding, landslides, and heat waves. Landslides in high mountains could become more common as a result of these changes. The high -speed electric train project in Egypt seeks to provide sustainable transportation, lessen climate change, and enhance public health. The study area was conducted along a 70-km track in the Eastern Desert, Egypt, across steep and rugged basement rocks of the Red Sea mountain chain (RSM). The geographic pinpointing of landslide susceptibility zones plays a significant role in promoting hazards mitigation in mountainous areas, such as RSM. The aim of this research project is to create a landslide susceptibility map (LSM) utilizing multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in the region using information value (IV) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approaches that encompass the third proposed track of the high-speed electric railroad Qena-Hurghada between the RSM. The landslide inventory map, which has a total of 12 single landslide locations, was created based on fieldwork using hand-held GPS and Landsat 8 images. The two decision-making techniques were used to contrast the LSM factors based on the knowledge of experts using the qualitative method of AHP with the statistical approach that depends on the field data IV. Ten landslide-influencing parameters taken into consideration are slope, lithology, rainfall distribution, distance to fault, distance to track, seismicity of area, distance to epicenter, land cover, distance to stream, and aspect. The parameters were obtained using LANDSAT8 and SRTM DEM of a 30 m resolution, vectorized lithological structure units from a 1:2000, 000 map, and data between (1913-2000) for yearly precipitation and (1997-2018) for seismic activity of the research area. A GIS-based method produces a themed layer map for each geoenvironmental element, weighing each parameter after examination. A LSM was produced using a combination of thematic layers that were then separated into four grades: low, moderate, high, and very high, based on the intensity of the landslide vulnerability. According to AUC data, the IV model has a better success rate 0.85 than the AHP model 0.82. The study's models, especially when applied to the IV method, showed good accuracy in forecasting landslide vulnerability. The method shows rising landslide percentages with susceptibility and delivers accurate results that are compatible with the landslide inventory map. Environmental decisions often lead to unintended consequences due to lost information, incorrect factor selection, limited expert expertise, and ignoring uncertainty. This investigation emphasizes the importance of LSM as a tool for decision-makers to minimize landslide losses and damage.