Assessing the therapeutic potential of Elephantopus scaber extract in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway

Elephantopus scaber, globally acknowledged for its edible and medicinal uses, remains underexplored despite the identification of active compounds. This research explores Elephantopus scaber extract's therapeutic capabilities in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Initial in vitro screenings using the MTT assay revealed that ethanol extract (EEES) inhibited HCC cell proliferation while exhibiting low toxicity to normal cells. Further explorations showed EEES induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and inhibited cell metastasis. A bioinformatics analysis using a network pharmacology approach identified the PI3K/Akt pathway as a key modulation for EEES's anti-HCC activities, validated through western blot analysis. In animal studies, EEES demonstrated the ability to inhibit HCC tumor growth in vivo with a high level of safety. In summary, our research positions Elephantopus scaber as a potent herb with anti-HCC activities and remarkable safety, offering promising prospects for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases, including HCC.