Taraxacum coreanum Nakai extract attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier dysfunction in Caco-2 cells

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Taraxacum coreanum Nakai (TC) is a dandelion native to Korea that has long been used as a medicinal herb with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Intestinal inflammation is closely associated with intestinal epithelial barrier disruption, which leads to the progression of various intestinal diseases.Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of TC extract on inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier dysfunction in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Caco-2 cells.Materials and methods: The inhibitory effect of TC on nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines production were determined by Griess reagent and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The epithelial permeability was evaluated by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay, and inflammation-and tight junction (TJ)-related protein expression were analyzed by Western blotting. In addition, the presence of ten active compounds was identified and quantified using UHPLC-ESI-MS and HPLC-DAD analyses.Results: Treatment with TC significantly reduced NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokines production [interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-& alpha;] compared to the group treated with LPS only, particularly at 100 & mu;g/mL. TC significantly decreased monolayer permeability as detected by TEER. In addition, the transmission of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 across the barrier was decreased after treatment with TC. Inflammation-related proteins (inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-& alpha;, IL-6, and IL-1 & beta;) were down regulated after treatment with TC. In contrast, TC significantly increased the protein levels of the TJ-related protein, claudin-5. Ten phytochemicals (protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, scopoletin, chicoric acid, hyperoside, nicotiflorin, luteoloside, sophoricoside, and luteolin) were identified by UHPLC-ESI-MS and HPLC-DAD analysis.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that ethanolic extract of TC could attenuate the LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by increasing the TJ protein and suppressing inflammatory responses.