Potential of seaweed biomass: snake venom detoxifying action of brown seaweed Padina boergesenii against Naja naja venom

Seaweeds are regarded as one of the greatest sources of biologically active substances with potent biological activities among the innumerable marine organisms. It finds numerous industrial applications in areas such as food and dairy, pharmaceuticals, medicine, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals because it is a significant source of bioactive ingredients. It has been reported that the brown seaweed Padina boergesenii, also known as the leafy rolled-blade alga, has anti-venom activity against the Naja nigricollis. However, it is still unclear how these actions are prompted by it. Using in vitro and in vivo animal models, the current work seeks to evaluate the mechanistic anti-venom activity of Padina boergesenii methanolic extract (PBME) against Naja naja (N. naja) venom. The total antioxidant activity, deoxyribose radical scavenging activity, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were used to measure the in vitro antioxidant activity. In vivo (venom neutralization, suppression of hemorrhagic, necrotic, myotoxic, and paw edema) and in vitro (inhibiting phospholipase A2 and procoagulant effects) anti-venom properties of PBME were studied against N. naja venoms. In every anti-oxidant test, the extracts demonstrated potency. Naja naja venom's median lethal dose was 0.5943 mg/kg of body weight. The N. naja venom-induced phospholipase A2, hemorrhagic, necrotic, myotoxic, and paw edema in mice were all considerably reduced by PBME. Animals exposed to PBME substantially and dose-dependently neutralized the N. naja venom by various mechanisms. Therefore, additional research into PBME's anti-venom characteristics as a neutralizing agent for snake venoms is a possibility.