Cephalometric analysis of patients with beta thalassemia receiving fetal hemoglobin induction therapy

Objective: We aimed to determine the effects of fetal hemoglobin induction therapy in restricting or even reversing the cephalometric changes associated with beta thalassemia. Materials and methods: In this comparative observational study, 90 participants were equally divided into three groups: a control group; patients with thalassemia major receiving blood transfusion (BT group); and patients receiving induction therapy (i.e., hydroxyl urea (5 -10 mg/kg/day) or as much as 20 mg/kg/day) and thalidomide (2-10 mg/kg/day) along with blood transfusion (IT group). All patients underwent history taking and examination, photographic assessment, and radiographic evaluation with a lateral cephalogram. One-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey test was used to determine differences among groups. Results: The IT group differed significantly from the BT group in all photographic and skull table parameters, and most cephalometric parameters, such as facial angle (p < 0.001), middle and lower facial heights (p < 0.001), and inter-incisal angle (p = 0.036); the mean values in the IT group were similar to those in the control group. In -addition, dental and soft tissue measurements significantly differed among groups. For most parameters, the mean difference indicated higher values in the BT group. Conclusion: Induction therapy appeared to improve the facial angles, heights, and inter-incisal angles, whereas a class II skeletal pattern was observed in the transfusion only group. These findings suggest that fetal hemoglobin induction therapy might have restricted some of the cephalometric changes in patients with beta thalassemia. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY -NC -ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).