Thermally enhanced biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene and benzene co-contaminated soil: Bioavailability and generation of ROS

In this study, a set of comprehensive experiments were conducted to explore the effects of temperature on the biodegradation, bioavailability, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by thermally enhanced biodegradation (TEB) under benzene and BaP co-contaminated conditions. The biodegradation rates of benzene increased from 57.4% to 88.7% and 84.9%, and the biodegradation efficiency of BaP was enhanced from 15.8% to 34.6% and 28.6%, when the temperature was raised from the ambient temperature of 15 degrees C to 45 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively. In addition, the bioavailability analysis results demonstrated that the water- and butanol-extractable BaP increased with elevated temperatures. High enzymatic activities and PAH-RHD alpha gene in gram-positive bacteria favored the long-term elevated temperatures (30 and 45 degrees C) compared to gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, ROS species (O(2)(center dot-)and center dot OH) generation was detected which were scavenged by the increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities at elevated temperatures. Soil properties (pH, TOC, moisture, total iron, Fe3+, and Fe2+) were affected by the temperature treatments, revealing that metal-organic-associated reactions occurred during the TEB of benzene-BaP co-contamination. The results concluded that biodegradation of benzene-BaP co-contamination was greatly improved at 45 degrees C and that microbial activities enhanced the biodegradation under TEB via the increased bioavailability and generation and degradation of ROS.