The influence of risk factors on bovine leukemia virus infection and proviral load in egyptian cattle

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which affects cattle globally. In Egypt, BLV control strategies have been ignored because of the shortage of BLV research studies and the silent infection in most animals. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with the prevalence of BLV among dairy and beef cattle from six different geographic and climatic provinces in Egypt. Additionally, risk factors affecting the BLV proviral load (PVL) among the positive cattle were targeted. The total BLV prevalence in cattle from six investigated Egyptian provinces was 24.2% (10(5)/433), while the mean PVL (8651.6 copies /105 white blood cells) was absolutely high as estimated by the BLV-CoCoMo-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-2 assay. Analysis of the influence of risk factors (age, sex, breed, production type, farm size, and location) on BLV prevalence indicated that the Holstein breed (OR = 1.582, p = 0.007), beef cattle (OR = 1.088, p = 0.0001), large-size farms (OR = 1.26, p = 0.0001), and cattle from Damietta (OR = 1.43, p = 0.0001) and Cairo (OR = 1.16, p = 0.0001) were ultimately proven the most important risks for BLV infection. The risk factors were analyzed considering the BLV PVL levels in the BLV-positive cases. Significantly high PVL (HPVL) levels were observed in cattle > 5 years old (p < 0.0001), females (p = 0.0008), Holstein (p < 0.0001), dairy cows (p = 0.0053), large-size farms (p < 0.0001), and cattle from Damietta (p < 0.0001) compared to other categories. Contrary, no significant differences in PVL levels were reported between the Native and Mixed cattle breeds (p = 0.13). Ultimately, the logistic regression model indicated that the probability of carrying HPVL in cattle > 5 years is 1.27 (95% CI: 1.03-2.09, p < 0.001) times more likely compared to cattle < 2 years old. In conclusion, the findings were valuably correlating the BLV prevalence with PVL as an indicator of the risk of BLV infection.