Interannual snowfall variations in Central Asia and their association with ENSO and stratospheric polar vortex during winter

As a major source of moisture in Central Asia (CA), snowfall may significantly impact agriculture and economics in CA. The study has investigated the dominant modes of snowfall frequency during winter over CA and associated mechanisms. The first EOF mode (EOF1) of snowfall frequency corresponds to a homogeneous pattern over CA. In contrast, the second EOF mode (EOF2) is characterized by reversed anomalies over northern and southern CA. The mechanisms of the interannual variation of the two leading modes are different. EOF1 is influenced by the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) over the North Atlantic and eastern tropical Pacific. Positive SSTA in the eastern tropical Pacific may stimulate a zonal wave train that propagates eastward and induce an anomalous cyclone in CA. The anomalous cyclone associated with ascending motions and water vapor transport convergence can contribute to increased snowfall frequency over CA. Besides, the interaction between the North Atlantic Oscillation and North Atlantic triple SSTA may also strengthen the zonal wave train. EOF2 is affected by the stratospheric polar vortex which is related to the wave reflections in winter. The wave reflections may strengthen the coupling of atmospheric circulation in the stratosphere and the troposphere, inducing a positive (negative) geopotential height anomaly over southern (northern) CA. These geopotential height anomalies may contribute to increased and decreased synoptic-scale wave activity over northern and southern CA which is conducive to the dipole mode of snowfall frequency over CA.