Methodology for determination of seismic force modification factors in Canada: Performance-based unified procedure

The National Building Code of Canada (NBC) employs seismic force modification factors (i.e. ductility-related factor, R-d, and an overstrength-related factor, R-o) for different Seismic Force Resisting Systems (SFRSs), which, since 2005, are largely based on engineering judgment and qualitative comparisons of seismic response characteristics of different SFRSs. Currently, there is no unified procedure in Canada for systematically quantifying these values, which has potentially led to perceived inconsistent levels of performance between buildings built with different SFRSs. While some research has been carried out in Canada to quantitatively evaluate the seismic response of different SFRSs using the FEMA P695 methodology with some modifications, inconsistencies exist among different research works. Moreover, the number of archetypes developed in these studies was limited, due to the computationally laborious incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) step in FEMA P695. Therefore, there is a need for a consistent and efficient methodology for structural performance assessment of different SFRSs in Canada. The proposed performance-based unified (PBU) procedure is to systematically quantify R-d and R-o factors for different SFRSs in the NBC. The PBU procedure is designed to be a performance-based approach (vs the risk-based approach of FEMA P695). In addition, our procedure is devised to optimize the number of archetypes through a two-level screening procedure using a nonlinear pushover and time history analyses before running the IDA. To validate the PBU procedure, we developed 21 different concrete moment frame archetypes covering various key parameters. The results verify the efficiency of the screening feature of the PBU procedure by a significant reduction in the number of archetypes requiring IDA.