Soil and Ocean Carbon Sequestration, Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage as Negative Emission Strategies for Global Climate Change

Carbon is storedin vegetation, soils, woody products, and aquatic habitats through biological carbon sequestration. Biological carbon sequestration requires the implementation of advanced management strategies that enhance the quantity of carbon stored by vegetation (cropland, grassland, forest), soil, ocean, and microorganisms. However, biological carbon sequestration alone cannot achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), direct air capture (DAC), and carbon capture and utilization (CCU) hold the potential for decreasing emissions of greenhouse gasses by lowering the use of fossil fuels and advancing the adoption of clean and sustainable energy sources. CCS, CCU, and DAC approaches can deliver the steep CO2 emissions reductions necessary with the promise of large-scale deployment given strong structural and policy support, research and development, and reduction in cost. Along with human intervention, the definite variation in carbon sequestration capacity of each technology, our best estimations for global negative emission technologies (NETs) potentials based on extensive literature study in 2050 for BECCS, ocean carbon sequestration, biochar, DAC, and soil carbon sequestration is 0.5-5 gigaton of carbon dioxide (GtCO(2) yr(-1)), 2.2 +/- 0.4 GtCO(2) yr(-1), 1-1.8 GtCO(2) yr(-1), 0.5-5 GtCO(2) yr(-1), 5.5-6.0 GtCO(2) yr(-1), respectively. However, to solve climate change, no one single technology can acquire it and the review concluded that a collective deployment of feasible and scalable NETs could help to reduce CO2 emissions and combat climate change.