Therapeutic strategies for non-small cell lung cancer: Experimental models and emerging biomarkers to monitor drug efficacies

While new targeted therapies have considerably changed the treatment and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), they are frequently unsuccessful due to primary or acquired resistances. Chemoresistance is a complex process that combines cancer cell intrinsic mechanisms including molecular and genetic abnormalities, aberrant interactions within the tumor microenvironment, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of each mol-ecule. From a pharmacological point of view, two levers could improve the response to treatment: (i) developing tools to predict the response to chemo-and targeted therapies and (ii) gaining a better understanding of the in-fluence of the tumor microenvironment. Both personalized medicine approaches require the identi6cation of rel-evant experimental models and biomarkers to understand and 6ght against chemoresistance mechanisms. After describing the main therapies in NSCLC, the scope of this review will be to identify and to discuss relevant in vitro and ex vivo experimental models that are able to mimic tumors. In addition, the interests of these models in the predictive responses to proposed therapies will be discussed. Finally, this review will evaluate the involvement of novel secreted biomarkers such as tumor DNA or micro RNA in predicting responses to anti-tumor therapies.(c) 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.