Malvidin promotes PGC-1α/Nrf2 signaling to attenuate the inflammatory response and restore mitochondrial activity in septic acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in sepsis is a vital and dangerous organ failure caused by an infection-induced dysregulation of the host reaction. Malvidin possesses significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioactivities. This study explored the critical roles of malvidin in sepsis AKI and the crosstalk among mitochondrial function, nucleotide-binding oligomerization-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. First, C57BL/6 mice were administered lipopolysaccharide intraperitoneally for 6 h to create an AKI model of sepsis. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and serum biomarker assays showed that malvidin protected from AKI in sepsis. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that malvidin was able to inhibit inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Western blot assays indicated that malvidin suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and enhanced antioxidant properties. Additionally, human renal tubular epithelial cells were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide/adenosine triphosphate to establish an NLRP3 inflammasome activation model in vitro, and in line with findings in vivo, malvidin significantly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, our data indicate that malvidin restored mitochondrial quality and function, reduced reactive oxygen species production, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced mitochondrial DNA copy number, and promoted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1 alpha) nuclear translocation. Moreover, inhibitor blockade assays indicated that both PGC-1 alpha and Nrf2 affected the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome by malvidin. Finally, immunoprecipitation assays showed that malvidin promoted PGC-1 alpha and Nrf2 interactions. Overall, malvidin alleviated lipopolysaccharideinduced sepsis AKI, improved mitochondrial function and mitochondrial biogenesis, and inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome through the PGC-1 alpha/Nrf2 signaling pathway, suggesting that malvidin might translate into clinical applications for sepsis AKI therapy.