The role of epithelial cells in the immunopathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome

Sjogren's syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by dysfunction of the affected exocrine glands. Lymphocytic infiltration within the inflamed glands and aberrant B-cell hyperactivation are the two salient pathologic features in Sjogren's syndrome. Increasing evidence indicates that salivary gland epithelial cells act as a key regulator in the pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome, as revealed by the dysregulated innate immune signaling pathways in salivary gland epithelium and increased expression of various proinflammatory molecules as well as their interaction with immune cells. In addition, salivary gland epithelial cells can regulate adaptive immune responses as nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells and promote the activation and differentiation of infiltrated immune cells. Moreover, the local inflammatory milieu can modulate the survival of salivary gland epithelial cells, leading to enhanced apoptosis and pyroptosis with the release of intracellular autoantigens, which further contributes to SG autoimmune inflammation and tissue destruction in Sjogren's syndrome. Herein, we reviewed recent advances in elucidating the role of salivary gland epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome, which may provide rationales for potential therapeutic targeting of salivary gland epithelial cells to alleviate salivary gland dysfunction alongside treatments with immunosuppressive reagents in Sjogren's syndrome. Graphical abstract