Cold Sintering Process for a BaTiO3/Poly(vinylidene difluoride) Ceramic-Polymer Composite: Evaluation of the Structural and Microwave Dielectric Properties

The inorganic ceramic material of BaTiO3 combinedwith the poly-(vinylidene difluoride) matrix as a nanocomposite couldbe well sintered at 190 degrees C for 160 min and a relative densityof 94.8%. It is a good candidate for microwave dielectric applicationat low sintered temperature. The sintering process is essential to transforming particularmaterialinto dense ceramics. Although several sintering techniques have emergedover the past few years, the process is still performed at high temperatures.The alternative cold sintering process (CSP) is a potential strategyfor producing an advance high dielectric permittivity and enablesdensification at low temperature. In this process, the CSP techniquehas been applied to successfully prepare the BaTiO3/poly-(vinylidenedifluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposite. The inorganic material of the BaTiO3/PVDF nanocomposite was confirmed by various physical characterizations,and the densification studies were performed using a semiautomatedpress, indicating a dissolution-precipitation mechanism. Whena uniaxial pressure of 350 MPa was applied, with transient liquidcould be sintered at 190 degrees C, and a relative density of 94.8%.The nanocomposite exhibits an excellent dielectric properties like epsilon(r) = 71.1 and tan delta = 0.04 with frequency rangeat 1 GHz for various dwelling times and maximize the electrical resistivity.The BaTiO3/PVDF composite indicating a breakthrough opportunitytoward an increase of the high dielectric constant will be significantlyimpacted by cold sintering. It enables innovative materials designand integrated devices to advance modern electronic industry applications.