Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in melanoma

Biomarkers help to inform the clinical management of patients with melanoma. For patients with clinically localised primary melanoma, biomarkers can help to predict postsurgical outcome (including via the use of risk prediction tools), better select patients for sentinel lymph node biopsy, and tailor catch-all follow-up protocols to the individual. Systemic drug treatments, including immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies and BRAF-targeted therapies, have radically improved the prognosis of metastatic (stage III and IV) cutaneous melanoma patients, and also shown benefit in the earlier setting of stage IIB/C primary melanoma. Unfortunately, a response is far from lished, and emerging, prognostic, and predictive pathological biomarkers that refine clinical decision-making in expression profile assays and nomograms are emerging astatic cutaneous melanoma, and the HLA-A*02:01 allele for the use of a bispecific fusion protein in metastatic uveal Australian clinical practice guidelines. Further research, validation, and assessment of clinical utility is required idly integrated into routine care.