POUM2 homeostasis regulates intimal remodeling and cells fate in the anterior silk gland of the silkworm

Tissue/organ remodeling and cells fate determination play key roles in the life cycle of animals. However, they are still poorly understood in insects, especially in the silkworm. The anterior silk gland (ASG) of the silkworm is essential for the formation and performance of silk fibers, but the regulatory mechanism of ASG remodeling and cells fate determination is less known. Here we found that silencing of POUM2 caused shorter ASG length, intimal structural defects, silkworm spinning failure, and the resultant naked pupae death, but cells number was not affected. Cells staining showed that DNA endoreduplication was not affected in the ASG. Transmission electron microscopy and chitin staining showed cuticle proteins and chitin were greatly reduced in the ASG during the molting period. Transcriptional analysis showed the expression profiles of cuticle proteins and chitin synthase were similar to that of POUM2 during the molting period, and POUM2 down-regulation reduced the expression of cuticle proteins, chitin synthase, autophagy and apoptosis-related genes. While the phenotype resulting from POUM2 over-expression was similar to that of POUM2 down-regulation. Cells staining revealed marked cells apoptosis with cells number reduction and inhibition of DNA endoreduplication in the ASG. Transcriptional analysis showed the expression of autophagy and apoptosis-related genes, and some cuticle proteins and chitin synthase were significantly up-regulated. The results suggest that POUM2 homeostasis reg-ulates ASG intimal remodeling and cells fate, thus affecting ASG development, silkworm spinning and meta-morphosis. Our studies not only offer potential molecular targets for genetic improvement of silk performance and molecular breeding of the silkworm, but also provide new insights into POU factor-mediated tissue remodeling and cells fate determination in insects.