Gut Barrier Dysfunction and Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides in Colorectal Cancer

BackgroundInflammation is known to be an essential driver of various types of cancer. An increasing number of studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer (CRC) are linked to the inflammatory microenvironment of the intestine. This assumption is further supported by the fact that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are more likely to develop CRC. Multiple studies in mice and humans have shown that preoperative systemic inflammatory response is predictive of cancer recurrence after potentially curative resection. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are membrane surface markers of gram-negative bacteria, which induce gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation and might be significantly involved in the occurrence and development of CRC.MethodsA selective literature search was conducted in Medline and PubMed, using the terms "Colorectal Cancer", "Gut Barrier", "Lipopolysaccharides", and "Inflammation".ResultsDisruption of intestinal homeostasis, including gut barrier dysfunction, is linked to increased LPS levels and is a critical factor for chronic inflammation. LPS can activate the diverse nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) pathway via Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) to promote the inflammatory response, which aggravates gut barrier dysfunction and encourages CRC development. An intact gut barrier prevents antigens and bacteria from crossing the intestinal endothelial layer and entering circulation. In contrast, a damaged gut barrier triggers inflammatory responses and increases susceptibility to CRC. Thus, targeting LPS and the gut barrier might be a promising novel therapeutic approach for additional treatment of CRC.ConclusionGut barrier dysfuction and bacterial LPS seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis and disease progression of colorectal cancer and therefore require further investigation.