Post-anthesis supplementary irrigation improves grain yield and nutritional quality of drip-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.)

IntroductionApproximately 50% of irrigation water is saved during drip-irrigation of rice, which has tremendous potential for water-saving agriculture, particularly in areas where water resources are scarce. However, the grain yield and quality of drip-irrigated rice are adversely affected. MethodsIn this study, we investigated the effects of different irrigation strategies on the grain yield and quality of drip-irrigated rice using field experiments. Four irrigation treatments were studied: whole growing season flooding (FI), whole growing season normal drip irrigation (DI, soil relative moisture (RSM) was maintained in the range of 90-100%), pre-anthesis drip irrigation and post-anthesis water stress (SAF, the RSM was maintained in the range of 80-90% after anthesis), pre-anthesis drip irrigation, and post-anthesis flooding (FAF). ResultsThe results showed that grain yield, harvest index, seed setting rate and 1000 grain weight in DI and SAF were significantly lower than in FI and FAF. These parameters were not significantly different between FI and FAF but were significantly greater in DI than in SAF. Compared with FI and FAF, the source capacity, source activity time, and sink activity of DI and SAF decreased, and the sink-source difference increased. The sink-source difference had a significant negative correlation with rice yield and 1000 grain weight. The activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch branching enzyme, and amylopectin content in grains in the middle panicles of FAF were significantly higher than those of DI and SAF. SAF resulted in increased amylose/amylopectin ratio and total protein content in grains but decreased proportion of glutenin in total protein. Irrigation after anthesis of drip-irrigated rice narrowed the difference between sink sources in rice plants, increased the grain yield and harvest index by 29.2% and 11%, respectively, compared to DI, increased water productivity by 19% compared to FI, and improved the grain quality of drip-irrigated rice. DiscussionThis study highlights that post-anthesis sufficient irrigation of drip-irrigated rice plays a positive role in maintaining the source-sink balance. This study serves as a foundation for the development of more effective rice farming methods that conserve water, while increasing the grain yield and quality of drip-irrigated rice.