Comparative Analysis of Composition and Porosity of the Biogenic Powder Obtained from Wasted Crustacean Exoskeletonsafter Carotenoids Extraction for the Blue Bioeconomy

The recovery and recycling of wasted resources are at the forefront of contemporary global issues. Methods of addressing several different issues may go hand-in-hand with each other, such as linking food waste recycling into bio-based adsorbent materials and wastewater treatment. Crustacean exoskeletons are promising candidates for bio-friendly adsorbents; however, maximizing their efficiency requires the optimization of processing technology. Crustacean meat offers an (often luxury) culinary delicacy, while their waste exoskeletons offer opportunities for smart recycling of the magnesian calcite nanoporous biocomposite. Here, we conduct a structural characterization of the exoskeletons of three crustacean species to assess how the extraction of valuable carotenoids affects prospects for the further valorization of their porous powder. The exoskeleton powder's composition and morphology were investigated by SEM, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR and XRD. The biomineral component magnesian calcite was recorded both in native and in post-extraction exoskeleton powder. Acetone extraction, however, partially removed organic matter from the exoskeletons, resulting in the porosity of the respective powder increasing significantly from below 10 m(2) g(-1) in the native powder to over 32 m(2) g(-1) in post-extraction samples of blue crab and spider crab exoskeletons-while the spiny lobster exoskeleton exhibited low porosity, as measured by the BET method. This new insight could improve exoskeleton processing in the sustainable circular economy and applied blue bioeconomy-most notably for adsorbent materials for pollutants dissolved in water or as ordered, nature-derived nanostructured templates.