Past-year medical and non-medical opioid use by HIV status in a nationally representative US sample: Implications for HIV and substance use service integration

Aim: In the context of the continued overdose epidemic, recent population estimates of opioid use in highly affected groups, such as people at risk for or people living with HIV (PLWH), are essential for service planning and provision. Although nonmedical opioid use is associated with HIV transmission and with lowered adherence and care engagement, most studies rely on clinic-based samples and focus on medical use of opioids only. We examine associations between opioid-related outcomes by HIV status in a community-based nationally representative sample.Methods: The 2015-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health included 213,203 individuals aged 18 and older. Respondents self-reported whether a health care professional ever told them they had HIV/AIDS (i.e., HIV-positive/PLWH, HIV-negative, HIV-unknown). Opioid-related outcomes included past-year medical opioid use and past-year nonmedical (i.e., prescription opioid and heroin) use. Multinomial logistic regression estimated adjusted relative risk ratios between past-year opioid-related outcomes and HIV status, controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, population density, and year.Results: In 2015-2019, 0.2 % of respondents were PLWH and 0.3 % self-reported an HIV-unknown status. Past-year medical opioid use was 37.3 % among PLWH, 30.4 % among HIV-negative and 21.9 % among HIV-unknown individuals. Past-year nonmedical use was 11.1 % among PLWH, 4.2 % among HIV-negative and 7.2 % among HIV-unknown individuals. Compared to HIV-negative individuals, PLWH had 3.21 times higher risk of past-year nonmedical use vs. no use (95 % CI:2.02-5.08) and 2.02 times higher risk of past-year nonmedical vs. medical opioid use only (95 % CI:1.24-2.65).Conclusion: Nonmedical opioid use prevalence was almost three times higher among PLWH than HIV-negative individuals. Because opioid use and its related harms disproportionately burden PLWH, integrating HIV and substance use prevention and treatment services may improve both HIV-related and opioid-related outcomes, including overdose.