Lay Summary Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common disease in feedlot cattle and costs the US cattle industry more than $2 billion annually. Such economical losses include mortality, wasted feed resources, pharmaceutical inputs, and decreased performance of morbid cattle. Hence, research to understand the etiology of BRD is critical to lessen the incidence and productive impacts of this disease in feedlot systems. The upper respiratory tract is home to a plethora of bacteria associated with BRD in cattle, whereas the composition and stress-related imbalances in this microbiota can lead to the disease. Based on this rationale, this experiment evaluated the microbiota composition in the nasal cavity of newly receiving feedlot heifers and contrasted with subsequent prevalence of BRD. In general, heifers that develop BRD had altered nasal microbiota at the time of feedlot arrival compared with heifers that remained healthy. Such differences in microbiota were heightened in heifers that developed BRD shortly after arrival, or heifers that required multiple antimicrobial treatments upon disease occurrence. The nasal microbiota of feedlot cattle that develop bovine respiratory disease is altered at feedlot arrival, and such changes heightened according to timing and intensity of disease occurrence. Perhaps the microbiota composition of the nasal cavity can be used as a predictive tool for respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. This study compared the relative abundance of bacteria in the nasal cavity of high-risk beef heifers at feedlot arrival according to subsequent incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Angus-influenced heifers (n = 76) were transported for 1,100 km (11 h) to the feedlot (day -1). At feedlot arrival (day 0), heifers were weighed [shrunk body weight (BW) = 234 +/- 15 kg] and a nasal cavity swab collected for microbiota analysis. Heifers were ranked by arrival BW and allocated into 6 pens on day 1 where they remained until day 55. Heifers were evaluated daily for BRD signs (days 0 to 55), and a final shrunk BW was recorded on day 56 (16-h feed and water deprivation). Heifers were classified according to number of antimicrobial treatments for BRD received (0, 1, or >= 2), or according to time of the first incidence of BRD signs (no incidence [NOBRD], early incidence [EARLY; 4.1 +/- 0.1 d, ranging from 3 to 6 d], or late incidence [LATE; 18.5 +/- 9.6 d, ranging from 10 to 28 d]). Average daily gain decreased linearly (P = 0.04) according to number of BRD treatments, and was less (P = 0.04) in LATE and tended (P = 0.08) to be less in EARLY compared with NOBRD. The abundance of the Tenericutes phylum increased linearly (P < 0.01), while the abundance of other phyla (e.g., Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) decreased linearly (P <= 0.05) and phyla diversity tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.10) according to number of BRD treatments. Heifers classified as EARLY had greater (P = 0.01) abundance of Tenericutes compared with NOBRD, whereas Tenericutes abundance in LATE heifers was intermediate and did not differ (P = 0.22) compared with EARLY and NOBRD. The abundance of Mycoplasma genus increased linearly (P < 0.01) while the abundance of other genera (e.g., Corynebacterium and Blautia) and genera diversity decreased linearly (P <= 0.03) according to number of BRD treatments. Heifers classified as EARLY had greater (P = 0.01) abundance of Mycoplasma and reduced (P = 0.01) genera diversity compared with NOBRD, and values noted in LATE heifers for these variables were intermediate and not different (P >= 0.27) compared with EARLY and NOBRD. Hence, heifers that developed BRD during the experiment had altered nasal microbiota at arrival compared with heifers that remained healthy, particularly increased prevalence of Tenericutes and Mycoplasma. Such differences in nasal microbiota were heightened in heifers that developed BRD shortly after arrival, or that required multiple antimicrobial treatments.
