Predicting bladder cancer risk in patients with hematuria. A single-centre retrospective study

Introduction: The presence of blood in the urine should be promptly investigated to rule out urological malignancies, bladder cancer being the most frequent. Given its frequency among general population and the lack of unlimited health resources in an era of cost-effec-tiveness, it is important to prioritize patients with higher risk of malignancy.Objectives: To identify predictive factors of bladder cancer among patients presenting with hematuria. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 296 cases referred to our department for hematuria. We evaluated differ-ent demographic, clinical and ultrasound features to uncover possible associations with diagnosis of bladder cancer in those patients, to estimate the individual risk of being diagnosed with bladder cancer during the investigation of hematuria.Results: A total of 296 patients were studied for hematuria between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019, 23.6% of those having ultimately bladder cancer confirmed after transurethral resection. Older age, male gender (OR 2.727, p = 0.069), a history of smoking (OR 3.84, p < 0.05), recurrent hematuria (OR 3.396, p < 0.05) and positive ultrasound exam for bladder cancer (OR 30.423, p < 0.05) were identified as predictors of bladder cancer in patients with hematuria.Conclusions: This study suggests that it is possible to reliably estimate the risk of bladder cancer in patients with hematuria, using clinical and imaging data to help defining who should be investigated first and in whom the investigation could be post-poned.