[1] Beihang Univ, Sch Transportat Sci & Engn, Beijing Key Lab Cooperat Vehicle Infrastruct Syst, State Key Lab Intelligent Transportat Syst, Beijing 100191, Peoples R China
[2] Univ Glasgow, James Watt Sch Engn, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
[3] Univ Waterloo, Dept Mech & Mechatron Engn, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada