In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effect of Tinospora cordifolia via modulation of JAK/STAT pathway

BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder causing cartilage and joint degeneration. In spite of the availability of several robust drugs like biologics, most of the patients are unresponsive, and reports of severe adverse effects following long-term use are also there. Subsequently the use of natural plant-based products in RA therapy is broadening over the years. Tinospora cordifolia is a widely used medicinal plant in Ayurveda against various inflammatory disorders including RA. However, there is very limited knowledge regarding the actual molecular events responsible for its therapeutic effect, and this has limited its acceptance among the professionals.PurposeTo explore the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effect of hydro-alcoholic extract from Tinospora cordifolia.MethodsThe rich polyphenol nature of the extract was elucidated using HPLC. LPS-stimulated murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was used for in vitro studies, and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model was used for in vivo studies.ResultsThe polyphenols in TCE were identified using HPLC. TCE effectively downregulated the level of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-alpha, PGE2, and NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Subsequently the upregulated expression of COX-2 and iNOS following LPS stimulation were also downregulated by TCE. Furthermore, TCE targeted the upstream kinases of the JAK/STAT pathway, a crucial inflammatory pathway. The expression of VEGF, a key angiogenic factor as well as an inflammatory mediator was also decreased following pre-treatment with TCE. The anti-arthritic effect of TCE (150 mg/kg) was evaluated in the CIA model as well. From the results of histopathology, oral administration of TCE was found to be effective in reducing the clinical symptoms of arthritis including paw edema, erythema, and hyperplasia. In vivo results validated the in vitro results and there was a significant reduction in serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-17, NO, and PGE2). The phosphorylation of STAT3 and the expression of VEGF were also downregulated following TCE treatment.ConclusionOur study provided a detailed insight into the molecular events associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effect of Tinospora cordifolia.