Combining Full-Scale Ozonation and Biological Activated Carbon Filtration (O3-BAC) with Pilot-Scale Nanofiltration (NF) to Control Disinfection By-Product Formation for Treatment of Taihu Lake Water

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes, which can consistently offer safe and reliable water quality, have become increasingly popular in drinking water treatment. In this study, the conventional (coagulation-sedimentation-sand filtration) and ozonation-biologically activated carbon filtration (O-3-BAC) advanced treatment processes at a full-scale drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) were combined with a pilot-scale NF process for treatment of Taihu Lake water. The results showed that the "conventional + O-3-BAC + NF" combined processes had superior effects on removing natural organic matter (NOM), Br-, and other common water quality parameters (e.g., turbidity, conductivity, TDS, and total hardness) with efficiencies of 88.8-99.8%, for which the NF process played a critical role. The conventional plus O-3-BAC processes effectively removed formation potential of chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPFPs, by 28.0-46.6%), but had poorer effect in reducing formation potential of brominated DBPs (Br-DBPFPs, by -2637.2-17.3%). NOM concentrations (characterized by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), and/or fluorescent components) were the driving factors for most DBPFP species, while elevation of [Br-]/[DOC] ratio likely resulted in enhanced formation of brominated trihalomethanes (THMs) during chlorination of the BAC effluent. By adding the pilot-scale NF process, the "conventional + O-3-BAC + NF" treatment train effectively controlled DBPFP, yielding the removal efficiencies of Cl-DBPFP and Br-DBPFP as 77.6-100% and 33.5-100%, respectively, with monochloroacetic acid, mono-bromo-acetic acid, and tribromomethane formation potentials (MCAA-FP, MBAA-FP, and TBM-FP) not detected in the final effluent. Low temperature in the winter season might be the primary reason for the rapid increase of transmembrane pressure when operating the NF membrane under flux of 25 L/(m(2)center dot h), which could be largely delayed by lowering the flux to 20 L/(m(2)center dot h). Characterization of the membrane cleaning solutions showed that macromolecular biopolymers (6000 Da-4000K Da) such as polysaccharides and proteins were the main contributors to membrane fouling.