A Review on CDM-Based Ductile Models and its Application

Continuum damage mechanics (CDM) has sparked a lot of scientific attention during the last few decades. The CDM approach defines a damage variable as an effective surface density of microcracks or voids with a plane of representative volume element to circumvent the scale mismatches in the involved physics. The smallest volume element at which a solid is regarded as continuous and all of the material's properties are represented as homogenized variables is referred as the representative volume element. A vital and challenging issue in CDM is to quantify the damage variable D. The various direct and indirect techniques of damage appraisal methodologies are extensively discussed in this review. The direct method is qualitative, whereas the indirect method is quantitative. Damage assessment using an indirect approach is simple and can be obtained through experiments. The evaluation of damage by degradation of elasticity modulus, an indirect method, has proven to be more popular and accurate than the other methods for ductile materials. The present work reviews and summarizes the various ductile damage development models, their evolution through time, and the importance of CDM in contemporary engineering research.