Biomass Burning Plume from Simultaneous Observations of Polarization and Radiance at Different Viewing Directions with SGLI

The Earth Observation Satellite Global Change Observation Mission-Climate (GCOM)-C (SHIKISAI in Japanese), carrying a second-generation global imager (SGLI), was launched in 2017 by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The SGLI performs wide-swath multi-spectral measurements in 19 channels, from near-ultraviolet to thermal infrared (IR), including the red (674 nm; PL1 channel) and near-IR (869 nm; PL2 channel) polarization channels. This work aimed to demonstrate the advantages of SGLI, particularly the significance of simultaneous off-nadir polarized and nadir multi-spectral observations. The PL1 and PL2 channels were tilted at 45 degrees for the off-nadir measurements, whereas the other channels took a straight downward view for the nadir measurements. As a result, the SGLI provided two-directional total radiance data at two wavelengths (674 and 869 nm) that were included in both off-nadir and nadir observations. Using these bidirectional data, an algorithm was applied to derive the altitude of the aerosol plume. Furthermore, because of the significance of the simultaneous observation of polarized and non-polarized light, the sensitivity difference between the radiance and polarized radiance was demonstrated. Severe wildfire events in Indonesia and California were considered as examples of specific applications. Herein, we present the results of our analysis of optically thick biomass-burning aerosol events. The results of the satellite-based analysis were compared with those of a chemical transport model. Exploring the SGLI's unique capability and continuous 5-year global record paves the way for advanced data exploitation from future satellite missions as a number of multi-directional polarization sensors are programmed to fly in the late 2020s.