Quality of life in men with Klinefelter syndrome: a multicentre study

Background: Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is associated with an increased risk of lower socioeconomic status and a higher risk for morbidity and mortality, which may have a significant impact on quality of life (QOL). The objective of this study is to investigate QOL in a large European cohort of men with KS. Design: Cross-sectional multicentre study. Methods Two-hundred-eighteen men with KS were recruited from 14 clinical study centres in 6 European countries which participated in the European dsd-LIFE study. Male normative data from a healthy and a psychiatric reference population were used for comparison. The validated World Health Organization (WHO) QOL (WHOQOL)-BREF questionnaire was used to investigate five main domains of quality of life (WHOQOL): global, physical, psychological, environment, and social. Results: The QOL physical domain score was lower for men with KS compared to the healthy reference population (KS: 66.9; S.D. 19.4, n = 193; healthy reference population: 76.5; S.D. 16.2, n = 1324, P < 0.001) but higher compared to the psychiatric reference population (54.6; S.D. 20.6; n = 77, P < 0.001). The WHOQOL-psychological domain score was lower for men with KS compared to the healthy reference population (KS: 63.6; S.D. 17.8, n = 193; healthy reference population: 67.8; S.D. 15.6, n = 1324, P < 0.05) but higher compared to the psychiatric reference population (45.9; S.D. 26.0), n = 77, P < 0.001). The social domain score on the WHOQOL questionnaire was found to be lower in men with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) compared to the healthy reference population (KS: 60.0; S.D. 21.6, n = 193; healthy reference population: 68.2; S.D. 13.8, n = 1324, P < 0.001). However, this score was similar to that of the psychiatric reference population (61.0; S.D. 17.0, n = 77, P = 0.5). The WHO environment domain score of men with KS (70.0; S.D. 15.0, n = 193) was similar to the healthy reference population (70.5; S.D. 20.7, n = 1324) but higher compared to the psychiatric reference population (61.9; S.D. 20.8, n = 77, P = 0.002). Experienced discrimination, less social activities, and the presence of chronic health problems were associated with significantly decreased QOL in men with KS. Conclusion: Overall QOL in European men with KS is significantly worse compared to a healthy European reference population. Especially, the presence of discrimination, less social activities, and chronic health problems is associated with lower physical, psychological, and social QOL. Further studies are necessary to investigate if a multidisciplinary approach may help to provide adequate counselling and psychosocial support to improve QOL.