Characterization of novel calcium compounds from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by-products and their effects on proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells

This study aimed to produce and characterize of a powder mixture from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) bone resulting from the addition to hydroxyapatite (HA) of various acids (lactic acid, citric acid, and malic acid). Structured hydroxyapatite lactate compound (SHA-Lac) and SHA-citrate malate compound (SHA-CiMa) were water-soluble and Ca and P were the most abundant minerals contained in those compounds had main elements in Ca and P. FT-IR indicated that COOH played an important role for Ca2+ binding. XRD patterns indicated these compounds were amorphous crystal. For bioavailability on preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells, all samples at 100 mu g/ mL showed no cytotoxicity, no change in morphology, and no cell apoptosis, with the percentage of cell viability higher than 80%. For ability of mineral deposition at 7, 14, and 21 days of culture, all samples significantly increased the mineralization of MC3T3-E1osteoblast cells, thereby resulting in rising of the proliferation and differentiation during the early stages.