Multi-stage Fractional-order Controller for Frequency Mitigation of EV-based Hybrid Power System

This work reports load-frequency-control (LFC) of a three-area hybrid power system incorporating renewables and electric-vehicles (EV). Such a power system with applicable non-linearities necessitates a resilient controller. In this respect, a multi-stage fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (MSFOPID) controller is explored for the LFC operation of the presented hybrid power system. For the proposed controller, there is a considerable improvement of 81.3% in terms of objective function (ISE value). Similarly, the foible evidence study shows an improvement of 39% with respect to other considered secondary controllers. The active role of EVs in preserving the system dynamics is inspected thoroughly. The impact of redox-flow batteries as an energy storage device and parametric variation of phase-locked-loop for system dynamic control are illustrated. Furthermore, the robustness of explored MSFOPID controller optimized gains is checked against alterations in power-system-loading and renewable energy sources respectively.