A comprehensive review on techno-environmental analysis of state-of-the-art production and storage of hydrogen energy: challenges and way forward

The rapid utilization of nonrenewable energy is causing energy prices to rise. To comply with the international accords, there should be minimum amount of fossil fuel combustion to limit the environmental pollutions. Therefore, it is important to encourage the utilization of renewable energy sources to generate electricity and gas. In this context, hydrogen is the most effective, practical, clean, and environmentally friendly options for transportation and power retention due to its affluence and variety of production sources. A potential fossil fuel substitute that is not carbon-based is hydrogen. The fundamental components of the hydrogen economy include hydrogen production, stockpiling, distribution, and consumption. Despite having many benefits, continuous hydrogen collection be a noteworthy hindrance. Due to the severe flammability nature of the hydrogen fuel, it's crucial to take proper security measures throughout production, storage, and use. This study examines the production, storage, delivery, and consumption of the fuel. A wide range of literature sources are used to discuss in-depth hydrogen delivery and storage techniques in this work. Additionally, a comparison of the paramount hydrogen generation approaches is presented. Discussions are currently taking place over the technical, financial, and procedural descriptions of various production technologies. The most long-term sustainable form of energy currency now accessible is hydrogen, which is produced from aqua and earthly biomass using sunlight power. One of the most useful methods of storing hydrogen is the use of metal hydrides in solid-state retention apparatus. Although liquid hydrogen tankers are preferred for transportation, they experience high energy loss (up to 40%). A pipeline is the most logical solution; however, it cannot be implemented without a sizable amount of capital and substantial market requirement. In terms of both their current technological and economic conditions, these technologies and their applications are discussed. The constraints of hydrogen, its present uses, prospective future applications, and potential results have all been studied. Studies on hydrogen energy have been compiled to serve as a resource for upcoming publications.