Availability of Biomass and Potential of Nanotechnologies for Bioenergy Production in Jordan

Jordan's energy situation is in a critical state of dependency, with the country relying heavily on imports to satisfy its ever-increasing energy requirements. Renewable energy is a more competitive and consistent source of energy that can supply a large proportion of a country's energy demand. It is environmentally friendly and minimizes atmospheric pollutant emissions. Thus, bioenergy has the potential to be a crucial alternative energy source in Jordan. Biomass is the principal source of bioenergy; it accounts for approximately 13% of the primary energy demand and is anticipated to supply half of the total primary energy demand by 2050. Nanotechnology has emerged as an important scientific research area with numerous applications, including biofuels. This review summarizes the application of nanoparticles to improve the properties and processes of biofuels. It presents the availability and viability of nanotechnology-supported bioenergy production in Jordan. Jordan generates up to 5.8 million tons of biomass each year and has access to abundant nonedible plant resources (such as Jojoba, Handal, and Jatropha). The theoretical energy potential of waste and residue available in Jordan was also assessed; it was discovered that the 1.28 million tons of dry crop residues (vegetables, fruits, and farming crops) could generate 6.8 PJ of energy per year and that biogas could be generated at a rate of 817 MCM/year