Efficient removal of methylene blue from water using magnetic Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum-based matrix

In this study, we fabricated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles conjugated with anionic hydroxypropyl starch-graft -acrylic acid (Fe3O4@AHSG) for the efficient removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. The synthesized nanoconjugates were characterized using various techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis revealed that the particles exhibited homoge-neously distributed nanosized spherical shapes with a mean diameter of 41.72 & PLUSMN; 6.81 nm. The EDX analysis confirmed the absence of impurities, with the Fe3O4 particles comprising 64.76 % iron and 35.24 % atomic oxygen. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements showed a monodisperse particle system with a mean hydrodynamic size of 135.4 nm (polydispersity index, PI = 0.530) for the Fe3O4 nanoparticles and 163.6 nm (PI = 0.498) for the Fe3O4@AHSG adsorbent. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis indicated super -paramagnetic behavior for both Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@AHSG, with higher saturation magnetization (Ms) observed for Fe3O4. The dye adsorption studies demonstrated that the adsorbed dye capacity increased with increasing initial MB concentration and adsorbent dose. The pH of the dye solution significantly influenced the adsorption, with the highest adsorption observed at basic pH values. The presence of NaCl reduced the adsorption capacity due to increased ionic strength. Thermodynamic analysis indicated the thermodynamically favorable and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit to the experimental data, suggesting chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. Overall, Fe3O4@AHSG nanoconjugates exhibited excellent adsorption capacity and could be a promising material for effective removal of MB dye from wastewater.