Determination of the effects of pre-harvest bagging treatment on kiwifruit appearance and quality via transcriptome and metabolome analyses

Bagging is an effective cultivation strategy to produce attractive and pollution-free kiwifruit. However, the effect and metabolic regulatory mechanism of bagging treatment on kiwifruit quality remain unclear. In this study, transcriptome and metabolome analyses were conducted to determine the regulatory network of the differential metabolites and genes after bagging. Using outer and inner yellow single-layer fruit bags, we found that bagging treatment improved the appearance of kiwifruit, increased the soluble solid content (SSC) and carotenoid and anthocyanin levels, and decreased the chlorophyll levels. We also identified 41 differentially expressed metab-olites and 897 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the bagged and control 'Hongyang' fruit. Tran-scriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that the increase in SSC after bagging treatment was mainly due to the increase in D-glucosamine metabolite levels and eight DEGs involved in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolic pathways. A decrease in glutamyl-tRNA reductase may be the main reason for the decrease in chlo-rophyll. Downregulation of lycopene epsilon cyclase and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase increased carotenoid levels. Additionally, an increase in the levels of the taxifolin-3 & PRIME;-O-glucoside metabolite, flavonoid 3 & PRIME;-mono-oxygenase, and some transcription factors led to the increase in anthocyanin levels. This study provides novel insights into the effects of bagging on the appearance and internal quality of kiwifruit and enriches our theo-retical knowledge on the regulation of color pigment synthesis in kiwifruit.