The protective effect of gamma aminobutyric acid B receptor activation on sympathetic nerve remodeling via the regulation of M2 macrophage polarization after myocardial infarction

Introduction & objectives: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in coronary heart disease is a leading cause of sudden death primarily due to malignant ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). Inflam-matory cell infiltration and inflammation-induced overactivation of sympathetic nerves are the major cause of VAs in AMI pathophysiological processes. Type 2 macrophages play an anti-inflammatory role in AMI. Targeting macrophages may be a therapeutic strategy to prevent VAs post AMI. We found that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) promotes macrophages polarized to M2 and hypothesized that GABA might exert anti-inflammatory effects by promoting type 2 macrophage polarization in AMI. We aim to characterized GABAB receptor distribution, function, and mechanisms in M2 macrophage polarization and explored the functional aspect of GABAB receptor activation in sympathetic remodeling.Results: Gamma aminobutyric acid B receptors were expressed on macrophage surface both in vitro and in vivo. GABAB receptor agonist baclofen, GABA promoted macrophage switch to M2. While GABAB receptor antagonist CGP52432 blocked a baclofen induced switch to M2 polarization. GABA and baclofen increased M2 macrophage percentage and CGP52432 blocked this process in vivo. Also, IL-10 and TGF-(31 released by M2 were increased in both AMI and baclofen/AMI group; Serum NE levels were decreased by baclofen. All the above effects were reversed by CGP52432 treatment. Baclofen decreased TH and GAP-43 staining while CGP52432 enhanced their expression post AMI indicating GABAB receptor activation inhibited sympathetic nerve sprouting and activity by reducing NE release.Conclusions: Gamma aminobutyric acid B receptor activation promoted M2 polarization and protested AMI heart by regulating sympathetic nerve remodeling.(c) 2022 Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier Espan tilde a, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).