An arts-literacy intervention for adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms: outcomes of a randomised controlled trial of Pre-Texts with Kenyan adolescents

Background Mental health problems are prevalent among youth in low-resource countries and are further compounded by stigma and limited access to traditional treatments. The need for scalable, accessible, and stigma free mental health interventions is urgent. We developed and tested Pre-Texts, an arts-literacy intervention that targets adolescent depression and anxiety, in Kenya. Methods We conducted a universal RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial). Students from Kenyan high schools (N = 235, ages 13-19, 53.19% female) were randomized to either Pre-Texts or a study skills control intervention. Pre Texts involves the use of a text-such an excerpt from a novel, a physics lesson, or a technical manual-to inspire art making that is followed by collective reflection on the process of interpretation through artmaking. Participants met daily for a week in groups of 6-12 youths for 1-h sessions. Groups were facilitated by high school graduates trained as lay-providers. This study was pre-registered at the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR; registration number: PACTR202111497122432). The trial took place between August 11th 2021 and December 18th 2021. Findings Pre-Texts produced a greater reduction in depression (d = 0.52, 95% CI [0.19, 0.84]) and anxiety (d = 0.51, 95% CI [0.20, 0.81]) symptoms from baseline to 1-month follow-up compared to the control group. Similarly, in a sub sample of participants with elevated depression and anxiety symptoms, Pre-Texts produced a greater reduction in depression (d = 1.10, 95% CI [0.46, 1.75]) and anxiety (d = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.45]) symptoms. Interpretation Our findings suggest that a brief arts-literacy intervention with challenging school material in a group setting, implemented as an afterschool program, can reduce depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents in SubSaharan Africa. Future replication trials with larger sample sizes with extended follow-ups will help assess the strength and sustainability of these effects. Copyright (c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).