A review of livestock development interventions' impacts on household welfare in low- and middle-income countries

Livestock contribute to the welfare of rural poor households in many ways. Livestock products can be consumed, utilized, or sold for income. If consumed, livestock facilitate improved food security and nutrition. Income from livestock sales can be used for consumption - indirectly contributing to food security and nutrition - or invested. In the absence of developed financial markets, livestock also provide a savings mechanism, potentially enhancing resilience. Livestock ownership can be particularly important for rural women. This review describes the existing evidence regarding the impact of livestock interventions and identifies outstanding gaps in the literature. We primarily draw from the literature on livestock transfer programs, Graduation programs (which often include a livestock transfer), and livestock insurance.